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Physician who made an injectable polio vaccine — and refused to patent it.

Physician who discovered the ABO blood groups and made transfusion safe.

Veterinarian who became Pfizer's chairman and CEO.

Virologist who made the oral polio vaccine the world could swallow.

CDC physician who served as principal deputy director and assistant surgeon general.

Physician who identified the hepatitis B virus and helped make a vaccine.

Microbiologist who invented the bifurcated needle that sped smallpox vaccination.

Immunologist whose mRNA work made a new class of vaccines possible.

Chemist who designed medicines by studying how cells work.

Endocrinologist who helped create the oral contraceptive pill.

Facial plastic surgeon and health-tech executive in Philadelphia.

Microbiologist who helped turn the hepatitis B discovery into a vaccine.

Physician-epidemiologist who directed the CDC at the turn of the century.

Pediatrician who, with Rachel Schneerson, made a conjugate vaccine against Hib.

Physician who co-founded Regeneron and still runs it.

Physician-scientist who ran Pfizer's research for fifteen years.

Pioneer of immunology and the search for targeted medicines.

Pediatrician who served as U.S. assistant secretary for health.

Immunologist who co-developed the Hib conjugate vaccine.

Infectious-disease physician who led the CDC through the later pandemic years.

Soil microbiologist who coined “antibiotic” and helped find streptomycin.

Founder of psychoanalysis, who taught the century to listen to the unconscious.

Physician in the pharmaceutical industry.

Health physician who ran the CDC and then a global effort against epidemics.